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نوع فایل : Word 
تعداد صفحات : 10
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Flower
A flower, also known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). The biological function of a flower is to mediate the union of male sperm with female ovum in order to produce seeds
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Flower Specialization and Pollination
Each flower has a specific design which best encourages the transfer of its pollen. Cleistogamous flowers are self pollinated, after which, they may or may not open. Many Viola and some Salvia species are known to have these types of flowers. Entomophilous flowers attract and use insects, bats, birds or other animals to transfer pollen from one flower to the next. Flowers commonly have glands called nectaries on their various parts that attract these animals. Some flowers have patterns,…
Morphology
The umbrella style flower of the Sarracenia genus
Flowering plants are heterosporangiate, producing two types of reproductive spores. The pollen (male spores) and ovules (female spores) are produced in different organs, but the typical flower is a bisporangiate strobilus in that it contains both organs
A flower is regarded as a modified stem with shortened internodes and bearing, at its nodes, structures that may be highly modified leaves
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Calyx:
• Corolla:
• Androecium (from Greek andros oikia:
• Gynoecium (from Greek gynaikos oikia:
• The female reproductive organ is the carpel:
Floral formula
A floral formula is a way to represent the structure of a flower using specific letters, numbers, and symbols. Typically, a general formula will be used to represent the flower structure of a plant family rather than a particular species
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A floral formula would appear something like this:
Ca5Co5A10 - ∞G1
Several additional symbols are sometimes use
Evolution
Flowers in Kamakura, Japan
While land plants have existed for about 425 million years, the first ones reproduced by a simple adaptation of their aquatic counterparts: spores. In the sea, plants -- and some animals -- can simply scatter out little living copies of themselves to float away and grow elsewhere. This is how early plants, such as the modern fern, are thought to have reproduced. But plants soon began protecting these copies to deal with drying out and other abuse which is even more likely on land than in the sea
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